important tasks for which more emphasis should be focused is the synthesis of nano-bio

materials. There are many difficulties in the assembling of bio-nano materials using any

process. To control the size, shapes are the main difficulties during the synthesis of the

nanoscale materials. In addition, morphology, crystallinity, and distribution of the nano-

scale particles are also challenges before the intellectuals.

Two harmonized methods such as top-down and bottom-up can be used for the

synthesis of the nanostructured semiconductor bioelectronics. In the top-down method,

bulk counterpart material is converted into nano-scale materials or by stripping down a

complex entity. The top-down synthesis technique is simple and initiated with the ball

milling method to obtained small-scale materials. The top-down approach is compara­

tively simpler than to bottom-up approach. This is indifferent to the bottom-up method,

in which materials are assembled atom by atom or cluster by cluster. This approach is

quite economical as it creates less waste. Some of the processes involved in the top-down

approach are the thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors using the hydro­

thermal and solvothermal routes. The different methods such as revere-micelle route, sol-

gel, colloidal, hydrothermal, template-assisted, electrodeposition, etc. are popular.

FIGURE 12.2

Dual-mode electrochemical biosensor using BC/PVAN/PANI nanocomposites Adapted with permission [ 22].

Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

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